Notes to Chapter 8. Impulses Beyond the Territorial Base

April 2024

8.1 The Institutional Impulse
8.2 The Three Ecumenes
8.3 The Two 'Urbanizations'
8.4 The Bipolar Dimension of the Expanded Territorial State
8.5 Factors of Expansionism in the Nuclear State
8.6 Like the Earth Seen from the Moon
      8.6.1 From Expansion to a Symmetrical System
      8.6.2 Trade at Long Distances
      8.6.3 Ideological Landscapes
8.7 Realignment of Structural Elements
      8.7.1 Agglutination: Lagash, Uruk
      8.7.2 The Federative Formula – Nippur and the League of Kengir
      8.7.3 Homogenous Aggregation – Kish

ERRORS in databases:

"Boson1918Assiriologia.d": duplicate bibliography "Boson1918Assiriologia" for site "Akk-lg".
"Bottero1992Reasoning.d": duplicate bibliography "Bottero1992Reasoning" for site "Mes-rel".
"Buccellati1972Teodicea.d": duplicate bibliography "Buccellati1972Teodicea" for site "Mes-lit".
"Cauvin2000Birth.d": duplicate bibliography "Cauvin2000Birth" for site "Mes-rel".
"DMB.d": duplicate bibliography "DMB" for site "Mes-rel".
"Edzard2003Sumerian.d": duplicate bibliography "Edzard2003Sumerian" for site "Mes-rel".
"Oshima2014Sufferers.d": duplicate bibliography "Oshima2014Sufferers" for site "Mes-rel".
"Trinkaus1983Shanidar.d": duplicate bibliography "Trinkaus1983Shanidar" for site "Mes-rel".

See Costello 1997 on Arslantepe; Costello 2010 Review Algaze 2008.
– [ Giorgio Buccellati, July 2020]
Syro-Mesopotamia: SMS as the first use of the term.
– [ Giorgio Buccellati, July 2020]
See Barjasteh 2010 Natural Phenomena on Sistan.
– [ Giorgio Buccellati, July 2020]
“The term is a transposition from the Greek oikoumene, ‘the inhabited (world),’ which by its nature is normally found in the singular” (Buccellati, Origins, p. 109). For the meaning of the Greek term οἰκουμένη, see the related lemma in the T L G.
– [ Marco De Pietri, December 2023]

For a discussion about Mesopotamian conception of the cosmos and related first maps of the world, see e.g. Masetti- Mora 2002 Mondo.
– [ Marco De Pietri, December 2023]

The Akkadian term used to define this role was tamkārum, a loan word on the Sumerian damgar. One of the best examples of commercial trades in the Ancient Near East, despite belonging to the beginning of the second millennium BC, is the Paleo-Assyrian network established between Aššur and some colonies (known with Akkadian term kārum) in Anatolia (the most important was Kanesh/Kültepe, see Trolle Larsen 2015 Kanesh); on this topic, see e.g. Burke 2021 Mercenaries.
– [ Marco De Pietri, December 2023]
About the “Tărtăria tablets” see e.g. Makkay 1968 Tartaria and Paliga 1993 Tartaria; for the “Jemdet Nasr tablets”, see Jemdet Nasr, Brice 1979 Jemdet, and Matthews 1992 Jemdet Nasr.
– [ Marco De Pietri, December 2023]
It seems interesting that the memory of Lebanon as the “Land of Cedar” is alive still today (just have a view at the national flag of the country, where it is clear how the cedar is the national emblem of Lebanon, a memory also preserved in the official coat of arms Maronite Church); this is a very well-documented examplification of how a far in time, but even long-lasting memory, can tie past and present together.
– [ Marco De Pietri, December 2023]

About Lagash and Girsu, cf. also Chapter 6.10.5.
– [ Marco De Pietri, December 2023]

See Jacobsen 1970 Towards.
– [ Giorgio Buccellati, July 2020]
Survivals of the league have been traced down into historical times through administrative texts (Hallo; see also Malamat).
– [ Giorgio Buccellati, July 2020]
On the Sumerian terms referring to leadership/lordship, cf. Chapter 6, note 4.
– [ Marco De Pietri, December 2023]
On the importance of myths (and language) in the construction of complex societies, see the fundamental work of Cassirer 1946 Language.
– [ Marco De Pietri, February 2024]

See Edzard 1957 Zweite for the first Mesopotamian ‘State’.
– [ Giorgio Buccellati, July 2020]