Notes to Chapter 7. The Expanded Territorial States

April 2024

7.1 The Alternative Model
7.2 The Geographical Context
7.3 State and People
7.4 The Mythic Idealization
7.5 The Historical Reality
7.6 The Region at the Foothills
      7.6.1 Urkesh
      7.6.2 Susa
      7.6.3 Subartu and Elam
7.7 The Steppe
7.8 The Mountains
7.9 On the Far Borders

ERRORS in databases:

"Boson1918Assiriologia.d": duplicate bibliography "Boson1918Assiriologia" for site "Akk-lg".
"Bottero1992Reasoning.d": duplicate bibliography "Bottero1992Reasoning" for site "Mes-rel".
"Buccellati1972Teodicea.d": duplicate bibliography "Buccellati1972Teodicea" for site "Mes-lit".
"Cauvin2000Birth.d": duplicate bibliography "Cauvin2000Birth" for site "Mes-rel".
"DMB.d": duplicate bibliography "DMB" for site "Mes-rel".
"Edzard2003Sumerian.d": duplicate bibliography "Edzard2003Sumerian" for site "Mes-rel".
"Oshima2014Sufferers.d": duplicate bibliography "Oshima2014Sufferers" for site "Mes-rel".
"Trinkaus1983Shanidar.d": duplicate bibliography "Trinkaus1983Shanidar" for site "Mes-rel".

On urbanism, see Cooper L 2006 Early Urbanism, pp. 280-282.
– [ Giorgio Buccellati, July 2020]
On the low density of the mountainous hinterland, see D Agostino 2012 Fs Pecorella.
– [ Giorgio Buccellati, July 2020]
On this topic, i.e. the steppe and the “invention of the steppe”, see e.g. Buccellati 1993 Amorrei and Geyer 2001 Conquete (reviewed in Buccellati 2003 Geyer).
– [ Marco De Pietri, December 2023]
About the first cities, see e.g. Sinclair 2010 Urban Mind.
– [ Marco De Pietri, February 2024]

For the “Song of Silver”, see more specifically the text CTH (Catalogue des textes hittites/Catalog der Texte der Hethiter) 364, found in the Hittite capital Ḫattuša/Boğazkale, also known as “Der Gesang/Das Lied vom Silber” (“The Song of Silver”), for which see the “Hethitologie Portal Mainz” [H P M] (“Mythen der Hethiter”); for an English translation of the text, see e.g. Hoffner 1998 Myths, pp. 48-50 [text no. 16] (see excerpt).
– [ Marco De Pietri, December 2023]
As for the man conceived as a ‘son of the city’ (Akkadian awīlum), i.e. kind of ‘citizens’, see Buccellati 2020 Awilis.
– [ Marco De Pietri, December 2023]
In Buccellati, Origins, Chapter 7.4 there is an interesting analysis of the Song of Silver; the author enucleate from the mythological composition some elements tied to politics and political developments in the third millenium BC.

Regarding the personification of metal in the Song of Silver and the use of the allegory of metals to mark mythical times, see the dedicated theme.
– [ Jessica Scaciga, April 2024]

For the different “territories”, see Fleming 2004, p. 122.
– [ Giorgio Buccellati, July 2020]
The cities of Elam - Rimush: see R I M E 2, p. 53 (Fleming notices that “KUR Elam” is never attested).
– [ Giorgio Buccellati, July 2020]

The governors of Subartu - Naram-Sin, see R I M E 2, p. 91.

Instead, the singular LUGAL NIM.KI is attested for instance in R I M E 2, pp. 23 and 53.
– [ Giorgio Buccellati, July 2020]

For a complete and updated bibliography about the Temple Terrace at Urkesh, refer to the “Urkesh electronic Library” at this link.
– [ Marco De Pietri, December 2023]

Paleolithic frequentation: Jarf Ajla, Kom, Umm Tlel.
– [ Giorgio Buccellati, July 2020]
About the steppe, see Bernbeck 1993 Steppe.
– [ Marco De Pietri, February 2024]

See Cavalli Sforza 2012 Civilta; cf. also the earlier but very interesting volume Cavalli Sforza &al 1986 Anthropology.
– [ Giorgio Buccellati, July 2020]
See Cooper L 2006 Early Urbanism, pp. 280-282.
– [ Giorgio Buccellati, July 2020]
Arslantepe: see Frangipane’s paper at 2011 conference; here also about northern developments.
– [ Giorgio Buccellati, July 2020]
Tepe Gawra: see Liverani 2014 History, pp. 95-99 (2011 Italian edition).
– [ Giorgio Buccellati, July 2020]
Awan as a territory pertaining to Anshan: see Hansman 1985 Anshan, p. 26.
– [ Giorgio Buccellati, July 2020]
On the site of Arslantepe, see e.g. the mission website (Arslantepe); for monumental architecture, see (on the Hittite Monuments website), the dedicated section; for Arslantepe in the fourth millennium BC, see Frangipane 2010 Economic; for the many cretulae and sealing found at Arslantepe, see Frangipane 2007 Cretulae.
– [ Marco De Pietri, December 2023]

See see Aruz 2003 Art.
– [ Giorgio Buccellati, July 2020]
In the Mersin area, it would be worth mentioning, the site of Mersin-Yumuktepe, for which see Caneva 2004 Yumuktepe and Caneva 2010 Yumuktepe.
– [ Marco De Pietri, December 2023]