Mesopotamian Religion

8. Excerpts

F.M. Cornford
1957 Philosophy

Marco De Pietri – April 2021

F.M. Cornford 1957 Philosophy

Cornford 1957 Philosophy
From Religion to Philosophy: A Study of the Origins of Western Speculation,
New York, NY: Harper & Bros Publishers

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ToC of Cornford 1957 Philosophy

Table of Contents Preface
  1. Destiny and Law
  2. The Origin of Moira
  3. Nature, God, and Soul
  4. The Datum of Philosophy
  5. The Scientific Tradition
  6. The Mystical Tradition
Index of Citations
General Index
General topic(s)
of the book
     In this book, the author retraces the paths towards the construction of some modern concepts belonging to Western philosophy and related to speculation on religion. More in detail, Cornford addresses some topics also discussed in the volume "When on High the Heavens...": the concept of destiny and fate, the relationship between gods, nature, and soul, and their interpretation through the spectrum of philosophical, scientific, and mystical traditions.

[cf. also, on this topic, Bottéro 1992 Reasoning and Frankfort 1949 Before; note by mDP]

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Extended summary of Cornford 1957 Philosophy

“In this exploration of the “very first utterance of philosophers,” F. M. Cornford showed that the remarkable burst of abstract speculation among pre-Socratic thinkers of the sixth century B.C. emerged directly from the religious thought of the preceding era in Greece. Combining profound classical scholarship with striking anthropological and sociological insight, Cornford rejected the post-Darwinian rationalist assumption that religion and philosophy are fundamentally different from each other. His book supplies a needed reminder of the intricate connections between critical scientific thought and social and emotional experience.

As he probes the mythic antecedents of such persistent metaphysical concepts as Destiny, God, Soul, Substance, Nature, and Immortality, Cornford warns us that “unless we have some grasp of that history [of myth], we are not likely to understand the speculation, which, however scientific its spirit may be, constantly operates with these religious ideas, and is to a large extent confined in its movement within the limits already traced by them.” Classicists, historians of religion, students of ancient history, and everyone concerned with the subject of myth will find this lucid and highly original work to be a source of rich insights about the organic nature and continuity of Western thought” [from Editor’s webpage].

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Excerpts from Cornford 1957 Philosophy

Topic
Page
Excerpt
Mythological intuition pp. v (Preface)      The words, Religion and Philosophy, perhaps suggest to most people two distinct provinces of thought, between which, if (like the Greeks) we include Science under Philosophy, there is commonly held to be some sort of border warfare. It is, however, also possible to think of them as two successive phases, or modes, of the expression of man's feelings and beliefs about the world; and the title of this hook implies that our attention will be fixed on that period, in the history of the western mind, which marks the passage from the one to the other. It is generally agreed that the decisive step was taken by the Greeks about six centuries before our era. At that moment, a new spirit of rational inquiry asserted its claim to pronounce upon ultimate things which had hitherto been objects of traditional belief. What I wish to prove, however, is that the advent of this spirit did not mean a sudden and complete breach with the older ways of thought.
     There is a real continuity between the earliest rational speculation and the religious representation that lay behind it; and this is no mere matter of superficial analogies, such as the allegorical equation of the elements with the Gods of popular belief. Philosophy inherited from religion certain great conceptions – for instance, the ideas of 'God,' 'Soul,' 'Destiny,' 'Law' – which continued to circumscribe the movements of rational thought and to determine their main directions. Religion expresses itself in poetical symbols and in terms of mythical personalities; Philosophy prefers the language of dry abstraction, and speaks of substance, cause, matter, and so forth. But the outward difference only disguises an inward and substantial affinity between these two successive products of the same consciousness. The modes of thought that attain to clear definition and explicit statement in philosophy were already implicit in the unreasoned intuitions of mythology.

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