15.1 Modes of Expression
15.2 Gestures of Prayer
15.3 Testimony Behavior
15.4 Private Representations of the Divine
ERRORS in databases:
- "Boson1918Assiriologia.d": duplicate bibliography "Boson1918Assiriologia" for site "Akk-lg".
- "Bottero1992Reasoning.d": duplicate bibliography "Bottero1992Reasoning" for site "Mes-rel".
- "Buccellati1972Teodicea.d": duplicate bibliography "Buccellati1972Teodicea" for site "Mes-lit".
- "Cauvin2000Birth.d": duplicate bibliography "Cauvin2000Birth" for site "Mes-rel".
- "DMB.d": duplicate bibliography "DMB" for site "Mes-rel".
- "Edzard2003Sumerian.d": duplicate bibliography "Edzard2003Sumerian" for site "Mes-rel".
- "Oshima2014Sufferers.d": duplicate bibliography "Oshima2014Sufferers" for site "Mes-rel".
- "Trinkaus1983Shanidar.d": duplicate bibliography "Trinkaus1983Shanidar" for site "Mes-rel".
15.1 Modes of Expression
For the expression of religiosity through cultic activities at Ebla, an example of Mesopotamian rituality, see Bonechi 1989 Ebla.
– [ Marco De Pietri, June 2020]
15.2 Gestures of Prayer
For prayer gestures, see RlA.
See also Langdon 1919 Gesture.
– [ Marco De Pietri, September 2020]
For examples of cylinder seals and sealings in Syro-Mesopotamia, see e.g. those from Urkesh/Tell Mozan.
– [ Marco De Pietri, September 2020]
«The position of the body (erect or genuflected) and arms (raised or elevated) characterize these gestures in the most common way, with a great number of variations. For example, the hands can be held together, with the thumbs crossed» (G. Buccellati, Chapter 15, Section 2).
An example of a figurine portraying a standing male worshipper in a position similar to that described here by G. Buccellati can be found at the MET.
– [ Marco De Pietri, September 2020]
For the so-called ‘raised-hand prayer’ in Mesopotamia, see supra 7.3, with further bibliography. Cf. also Shibata 2010 Suilla.
For ‘lifting-hand prayer’ in Israel, see Calabro 2013 Gestures.
– [ Marco De Pietri, September 2020]
For the Akkadian expression nīš qāti, ‘the raising of the hand’, as a typical Mesopotamian praying gesture, see CAD 11 = N2, pp. 294-297, nīšu, ‘to raise’ and CAD 13 = Q, pp. 183-188, qātu, ‘hand’; for the entire expression, see specifically CAD 11 = N2, p. 294.
– [ Marco De Pietri, September 2020]
For the Akkadian expression laban āppi, ‘(to) touch the nose’, as a typical Mesopotamian praying gesture, see CAD 9 = L, pp. 294-297, labānu, ‘to beg’ and CAD 1 = A2, pp. 184-189, appu, ‘nose’; for the entire expression, see specifically CAD 9 = L, p. 11.
About the laban āppi gesture, see also Gruber 1975 Akkadian.
– [ Marco De Pietri, September 2020]
For many examples of Mesopotamian devotional gestures, described by Buccellati in this paragraph, see Goldman 1990 Gestures and the contributions collected in Kipfer 2017 Emotions.
– [ Stefania Ermidoro, November 2020]
15.3 Testimony Behavior
For the account of Enkidu’s death, see George 2000 Gilgamesh.
– [ Marco De Pietri, September 2020]
For Enḫeduanna, daughter of Sargon of Akkad, see here.
– [ Marco De Pietri, September 2020]
On the goddess Inanna/Ishtar, see here.
– [ Marco De Pietri, September 2020]
For the prophet Jeremiah, see the Jewish Encyclopedia.
– [ Marco De Pietri, September 2020]
For the Maccabees, see the Jewish Encyclopedia.
– [ Marco De Pietri, September 2020]
On food regulation in ancient Mesopotamia (with a particular focus on meat, but that includes several relevant bibliographical references on the broader topic), see Ermidoro 2020 Animals.
– [ Stefania Ermidoro, November 2020]
15.4 Private Representations of the Divine
For an investigation on the divine speech in ancient Mediterranean world, see Anthonioz 2019 Divine Speech.
– [ Marco De Pietri, June 2020]
For the depiction of deities in Mesopotamia, on different archaeological finds, see e.g. Braun Holzinger 2013 Gotterdarstellung.
– [ Marco De Pietri, September 2020]
See Spieckermann 2007 Welt on pictorial representations of gods.
– [ Jonah Lynch, January 2021]